If it subsequently transpires that the bank notes were forgeries it can again not be successfully contended that the bank would be precluded from reversing the credit entry. While there is authority for proposition a , 15 we were not referred to any authority in support of proposition b , nor am I aware of such authority. A related argument on behalf of the bank was based on the following finding of the court a quo, paraphrasing a dictum by Harms JA in Burg Trailers, supra, 18 namely that —.
It was not possible for it to intend to accept payment on behalf of the plaintiff while simultaneously intending, on behalf of Pestana, not to pay. Once it intended to pay unconditionally on behalf of Pestana, it could not intend not to accept payment on behalf of the plaintiff.
If the payment to the plaintiff, or the crediting of his account, was unconditional, it follows that the bank could not unilaterally reverse the credit. In my view, this argument amounts to a non sequitur.
First, whereas the s 99 notice to head office may be regarded as effective notice by SARS to the bank as a single corporate entity, it does not follow that it must at the same time be regarded as constructive notice to each branch of the bank. It was incumbent upon the bank — and obviously in its own interest — to ensure that notice of its appointment reaches the relevant branch es as soon as possible.
Thus it was entitled to accept a valid and lawful mandate from its client, Pestana, to transfer money from his account to that of the plaintiff. In executing that mandate in the ordinary course of its business, the branch clearly intended to pay on behalf of Pestana and to accept payment on behalf of the plaintiff.
The fact that the branch subsequently changed its mind cannot, in my view, undo the validity of the completed transaction.
As it was put by the court a quo: The vaccines in this section are recommended for some travellers visiting this country. Information on when these vaccines should be considered can be found by clicking on the arrow. Rabies is a viral infection which is usually transmitted following contact with the saliva of an infected animal most often via a bite, scratch or lick to an open wound or mucous membrane such as on the eye, nose or mouth.
Although many different animals can transmit the virus, worldwide most cases follow a bite or scratch from an infected dog. Bats are also an important source of infection in some countries. Rabies symptoms can take some time to develop, but when they do the condition is almost always fatal.
The risk of exposure is increased by certain activities and length of stay see below. Children are at increased risk as they are less likely to avoid contact with animals and to report a bite, scratch or lick. Post-exposure treatment and advice should be in accordance with national guidelines. Pre-exposure vaccinations are recommended for travellers whose activities put them at increased risk including:. A full course of pre-exposure vaccines simplifies and shortens the course of post-exposure treatment and removes the need for rabies immunoglobulin which is in short supply world-wide.
Rabies in brief. There are some risks that are relevant to all travellers regardless of destination. These may for example include road traffic and other accidents, diseases transmitted by contaminated food and water, sexually transmitted infections, or health issues related to the heat or cold. Some additional risks which may be present in all or part of this country are mentioned below and are presented alphabetically.
Select risk to expand information. There is a risk of altitude illness when travelling to destinations of 2, metres 8, feet or higher. Important risk factors are the altitude gained, rate of ascent and sleeping altitude. Rapid ascent without a period of acclimatisation puts a traveller at higher risk. There is a point of elevation in this country higher than 2, metres. Altitude illness in brief. Insect or tick bites can cause irritation and infections of the skin at the site of a bite.
They can also spread certain diseases. There is a risk of insect or tick-borne diseases in some areas of Southern Europe. This includes diseases such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever , leishmaniasis and West Nile virus. Further information about specific insect or tick-borne diseases for this country can be found, if appropriate on this page, in other sections of the country information pages and the insect and tick bite avoidance factsheet.
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes which predominantly feed between dawn and dusk. It causes a flu-like illness, which can occasionally develop into a more serious life-threatening form of the disease. Severe dengue is rare in travellers. The mosquitoes that transmit dengue are most abundant in towns, cities and surrounding areas. All travellers to dengue areas are at risk.
Dengue in brief. Seasonal influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract and spreads easily from person to person via respiratory droplets when coughing and sneezing.
Symptoms appear rapidly and include fever, muscle aches, headache, malaise feeling unwell , cough, sore throat and a runny nose. In healthy individuals, symptoms improve without treatment within two to seven days. Severe illness is more common in those aged 65 years or over, those under 2 years of age, or those who have underlying medical conditions that increase their risk for complications of influenza.
Seasonal influenza occurs throughout the world. In the northern hemisphere including the UK , most influenza occurs from as early as October through to March. In the southern hemisphere, influenza mostly occurs between April and September. In the tropics, influenza can occur throughout the year. If individuals at higher risk of severe disease following influenza infection are travelling to a country when influenza is likely to be circulating they should ensure they received a flu vaccination in the previous 12 months.
The vaccine used in the UK protects against the strains predicted to occur during the winter months of the northern hemisphere. It is not possible to obtain vaccine for the southern hemisphere in the UK, but the vaccine used during the UK influenza season should still provide important protection against strains likely to occur during the southern hemisphere influenza season, and in the tropics.
Avian influenza viruses can rarely infect and cause disease in humans. Such cases are usually associated with close exposure to infected bird or animal populations.
Where appropriate, information on these will be available in the outbreaks and news sections of the relevant country pages.
Seasonal influenza vaccines will not provide protection against avian influenza. Avian influenza in brief. Poor air quality is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world. Exposure to high levels of air pollution over short time periods e. These effects are mainly on the respiratory lungs and airways and cardiovascular heart function and blood circulation systems.
Straight forward hole. Sand protects the green. PAR: 5 SI: 3. Wide open fairway but with a hidden green playing uphill.
Drive right of the rock outcrop and then use your best distance judgement for this downhill pitch. PAR: 4 SI: 7. Not a long shot but requires a clean strike or you may visit the water hazard.
Gamble on a long straight tee shot and you can have an easy second. PAR: 4 SI: 1. Just hit the fairwayoff the tee! The second shot is not long. Reach the end of the left hand rock wall and you have a chance at the green. PAR: 5 SI: 5. Choose an Hole Facilities. After his success designing the Vale de Pinta course, Ronald Fream teamed up with the former world No. With 18 holes and 27 greens, plus numerous different tee points, players are able to enjoy the same course time and time again but always with slightly different challenges.
Having hosted the Portuguese Ladies Open on a number of occasions Pestana Gramacho is recognized as a championship course enjoyable and playable even by those with a higher handicap. Apart from the fantastic golf design, Ronald and Nick managed to incorporate the traditional landscape by utilizing the natural stone outcrops, historical dry stone walling and existing ancient trees with some artfully sculpted lakes and bunkers.
The effect is a wonderful journey through the countryside. Clubhouse The Gramacho Clubhouse, located in the heart of the resort, offers a full complement of services such as: Club and buggy rental. Changing facilities. Restaurant and Bar, which boasts the most spectacular view on the misty blue backdrop of the Monchique Mountains, as well as views to the fairway overlooking the 18th hole.
Full reception facilities Putting green. Buggy Bar. The Pro Shop with well known international golf brands. The golf reception is open every day from 7 a. The opening hours of the clubhouse Restaurant and Bar are every day from 7 a.
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